What is the normal range for alpha-fetoprotein levels, and what conditions could lead to elevated levels?

The normal range for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in adults is generally considered to be less than 40 mcg/L. Elevated levels of AFP can be indicative of various conditions, particularly those related to the liver. In cases of liver cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, and in chronic liver diseases like cirrhosis or active hepatitis, AFP levels are often significantly elevated.

Elevated AFP is a useful biomarker in clinical practice, helping to diagnose liver pathology. In certain situations, such as in pregnant individuals, AFP levels can be elevated due to the physiological changes associated with fetal development, but that context is distinct from the adult normal ranges. Understanding the role of elevated AFP in these various serious conditions aids clinicians in making informed diagnostic and management decisions.