What is the most common cause of peptic ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori infection is recognized as the most prevalent cause of peptic ulcers. This bacterium can colonize the stomach lining, leading to inflammation (chronic gastritis) and disrupting the protective mucosal barrier that guards the stomach from its own acidic environment. The resulting damage can create ulcerations in the gastric or duodenal mucosa.

Research has established a strong correlation between H. pylori infection and the development of peptic ulcers, as this pathogen induces both inflammation and is capable of promoting ulcer formation. Treatment for peptic ulcers often involves eradicating H. pylori with a combination of antibiotics and acid-reducing medications, underscoring its significant role in ulcer pathogenesis.

While excessive alcohol consumption, stress, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are involved in the development of ulcers or can worsen existing ulcer disease, they do not account for the majority of cases. Alcohol can irritate the gastrointestinal lining, stress can exacerbate ulcer symptoms, and NSAIDs can inhibit the production of protective gastric mucus, increasing ulcer risk. However, these factors are considered secondary to the direct effect of H. pylori in initiating the ulcerative process.